康明斯發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足常見(jiàn)故障判斷與排除

一、康明斯柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足的現(xiàn)象與原因分析 

　　柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作過(guò)程經(jīng)歷進(jìn)氣、壓縮、作功、排氣四個(gè)行程。柴油機(jī)在進(jìn)氣行程中吸入的是純空氣;在壓縮行程接近終了時(shí)，氣缸內(nèi)空氣壓力可達(dá)3.5～4.5MPa、溫度高達(dá)750～1000K，同時(shí)，柴油經(jīng)噴油泵將油壓提高到10MPa以上，通過(guò)噴油器噴入氣缸，在很短時(shí)間內(nèi)與空氣混合后便立即自行發(fā)火燃燒。在高壓氣體推動(dòng)下，活塞向下運(yùn)動(dòng)并帶動(dòng)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而作功，廢氣同樣經(jīng)排氣管排入大氣中。

　　康明斯發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳統(tǒng)柴油機(jī)最大的不同是采用了PT噴油器，即是將傳統(tǒng)燃油泵的柱塞(產(chǎn)生高壓)與噴油器針閥(控制噴射)集成為一體，取消了高壓油管，有效地消除了在高壓和高速下供油的壓力波動(dòng)對(duì)供油規(guī)律的影響，而且有更高的噴油壓力(60～150MPa，甚至更高)，不僅可以滿足強(qiáng)化發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)所需的高噴油壓力和高噴射速率，而且霧化好、充氣效率高，更有利于燃燒和提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)性能。

　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足，從理論上講，主要是由于氣缸內(nèi)混合氣燃燒不良或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)件摩擦阻力過(guò)大。導(dǎo)致燃燒不良的原因很多，例如:燃油供應(yīng)不足、霧化不良，供油提前角不準(zhǔn)、氣缸密封性下降、進(jìn)氣不足、排氣不暢或配氣相位失準(zhǔn)等。摩擦阻力過(guò)大的原因主要是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)件的間隙過(guò)小或潤(rùn)滑油供應(yīng)不足。

　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足且連續(xù)排黑煙，是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)大多數(shù)缸或所有的缸均供油量過(guò)多、燃油與空氣混合比例失調(diào)、燃燒時(shí)嚴(yán)重缺氧、柴油燃燒不完全，懸浮游離狀的碳元素隨廢氣一同排出而形成的。若排氣管是斷續(xù)排黑煙，且伴有“突突”聲，說(shuō)明個(gè)別缸燃燒不完全。

主要原因?yàn)?

①噴油泵調(diào)試不當(dāng)，使供油量過(guò)多，燃燒不完全。

②多數(shù)噴油器的噴射質(zhì)量差。

③供油不正時(shí)。

④進(jìn)氣門開(kāi)啟高度降低、開(kāi)啟時(shí)間推遲，導(dǎo)致進(jìn)氣不足。

⑤空氣濾清器濾芯過(guò)臟或空氣濾清器安裝有誤，使空氣不流暢。

⑥增壓器的增壓效能下降。

⑦燃油質(zhì)量過(guò)差。

　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不均勻，排氣管大量排白煙、高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不良、加速不靈敏，而且溫度易過(guò)高，主要的原因則有:噴油提前角過(guò)小、噴油器霧化不良、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)低、氣缸內(nèi)有水或油中有水等。

二、康明斯柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足的故障診斷與處理方法 

　　診斷此類故障時(shí)，應(yīng)從故障特征最明顯處著手，遵循由表及里、先易后難、少拆為益的基本原則。

　　1．排氣管排黑煙 

　　(1)若發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)突然冒黑煙，但運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后故障自然消失，則多為燃油質(zhì)量較差所致，由于油中的雜質(zhì)堵塞噴油器致噴射質(zhì)量差，排氣冒黑煙，運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后雜質(zhì)被高壓油沖掉，此種故障不用處理。

　　(2)若連續(xù)排黑煙，可考慮檢查進(jìn)氣是否通暢、進(jìn)氣管是否變形增加了進(jìn)氣阻力。先拆下空氣濾清器蓋，取出濾芯并清理維護(hù)后重新試機(jī)，觀察排氣管是否仍繼續(xù)排黑煙。如果排煙明顯減少，則說(shuō)明是空氣濾清器過(guò)臟或安裝有問(wèn)題，影響了進(jìn)氣量，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)保養(yǎng)。

　　(3)若進(jìn)氣道氣流通暢，則應(yīng)檢查供油時(shí)間是否過(guò)遲，供油過(guò)遲會(huì)使進(jìn)入氣缸的燃油來(lái)不及充分燃燒就被排出而形成黑煙。

　　(4)多數(shù)噴油器的噴射質(zhì)量嚴(yán)重惡化，燃油霧化差，不能適應(yīng)燃燒室形狀的需要，致使可燃混合氣形成困難，部分燃油轉(zhuǎn)化成游離碳被排出，這也是導(dǎo)致黑煙的原因之一，故也應(yīng)對(duì)噴油器進(jìn)行檢查修理。

　　(5)檢查燃油質(zhì)量是否合乎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)使用符合發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在該地區(qū)環(huán)境溫度下正常工作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)柴油。

　　(6)檢查增壓器的工作是否正常。當(dāng)增壓器失效時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)氣終了的壓力下降，致使壓縮終了溫度、壓力均下降，影響燃油的噴射霧化和燃燒溫度。

　　(7)如噴油泵維修時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)、排氣管排黑煙，則應(yīng)考慮是否噴油泵調(diào)試不當(dāng)使供油量過(guò)多，對(duì)此應(yīng)重新校正噴油泵在各種工況下的供油量，使之符合規(guī)定。

　　(8)若上述均正常，且發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)已運(yùn)行了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，可考慮檢查氣門開(kāi)啟的高度和開(kāi)啟時(shí)間是否正確。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的使用可使氣門傳動(dòng)機(jī)件磨損，正常的配氣相位和氣門升程失準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)氣量減少，缸內(nèi)殘余廢氣量相應(yīng)增加，直接影響燃油的充分燃燒。

　　(9)對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)速不均、斷續(xù)排黑煙、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)無(wú)力的診斷可采用逐缸斷油法檢查。當(dāng)某缸斷油時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速明顯降低，黑煙減少，異響也消失，則說(shuō)明該缸供油量過(guò)多，應(yīng)對(duì)該缸噴油量進(jìn)行檢查調(diào)整。若發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速變化較小，黑煙消失，則說(shuō)明該缸噴油器噴霧質(zhì)量差，應(yīng)對(duì)該噴油器進(jìn)行檢查維修。若發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速仍無(wú)變化，則說(shuō)明該缸不工作，應(yīng)檢查該缸的高壓供油情況，對(duì)PT噴油器進(jìn)行檢查和調(diào)整。

　　2．排氣管排白煙 

　　(1)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足，排氣管排灰白煙霧，首先將手靠于消聲器排氣口處，如果手上留有水珠，則應(yīng)檢查柴油中和氣缸內(nèi)有無(wú)水分。

　　(2)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)剛發(fā)動(dòng)時(shí)冒灰白煙，起因是起動(dòng)時(shí)溫度過(guò)低，部分柴油揮發(fā)成蒸汽，未經(jīng)燃燒直接排出所致。若待發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度升高后灰白煙逐漸消失，則屬正?，F(xiàn)象。若發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)剛起動(dòng)時(shí)冒灰白煙，且溫度升高后冒黑煙，則說(shuō)明氣缸壓力不足，雖然壓燃條件有所改善，但柴油仍不能完全燃燒，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足，應(yīng)對(duì)氣缸壓力進(jìn)行檢查維修。

　　(3)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力不足，排氣管排灰白色煙霧，通常是噴油提前角過(guò)小或噴油器霧化質(zhì)量不佳所致。若伴隨發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高、提速緩慢的情況，則可認(rèn)為是噴油時(shí)間過(guò)遲，否則是噴油器霧化質(zhì)量不佳。由于康明斯發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用的是PT噴油器，將傳統(tǒng)燃油泵的柱塞與噴油器針閥集成為一體，因此無(wú)論噴油時(shí)間過(guò)遲還是噴油器霧化質(zhì)量不佳都要對(duì)PT噴油器進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

Cummins engine underpowered common fault judgment and exclusion
A Cummins diesel engine power shortage cause analysis
The working process of the diesel engine has experienced an intake, compression, for power, exhaust four stroke. Diesel pure air sucked in the intake stroke; in the compression stroke near the end of the cylinder, the air pressure of up to 3.5 ~ 4.5MPa, ~~ 1000K temperature up to 750, Meanwhile, the diesel fuel by the fuel injection pump hydraulic raise to more than 10MPa injected into the cylinder through the injector itself immediately after a very short period of time is mixed with air pyrophoric combustion. Driven by high-pressure gas piston downward movement and driven by the crankshaft rotation for power, the exhaust gas is the same through the exhaust pipe into the atmosphere.
Cummins Engine with traditional diesel engine is the biggest difference PT injector that is traditional fuel pump plunger (to generate high pressure) and injector needle (control injection) are integrated, and the abolition of the high pressure tubing, effectively eliminate the influence of high pressure and high speed oil supply pressure fluctuations on the oil law, but higher injection pressure (60 ~ 150MPa, or even higher), not only meet the the enhanced engine required high injection pressure and high injection rate, and atomization, volumetric efficiency is high, is more conducive to the combustion and improve engine performance.
Lack of engine power, in theory, primarily due to the poor combustion gas mixture within the cylinder or the engine moving parts, the frictional resistance is too large. Many reasons lead to poor combustion example: fuel supply shortage, poor atomization, fuel supply advance angle are not allowed to cylinder sealing decline, inadequate intake, poor exhaust valve timing inaccuracy. Excessive frictional resistance mainly due to the moving parts of the engine the gap is too small or inadequate supply of such oil.
Lack of engine power, and continuous row of black smoke, the engine most cylinder or cylinder excessive oil, severe hypoxia imbalance of the fuel and air mixture, combustion, diesel combustion incomplete, suspended free-shaped carbon element with the The exhaust gas discharged together formed. If the exhaust pipe is intermittent row of black smoke, and accompanied by "chug" sound, indicating that the individual cylinder combustion is incomplete. The main reason for that: ① injection pump debugging properly, so that the excessive amount of oil, incomplete combustion. ② the majority of the injector injection of poor quality. ③ oil supply is not correct. (4) the intake valve opening height decreased postpone the turn-on time, leading to inadequate intake. (5) air cleaner element too dirty air filter is installed incorrectly, so that the air is not smooth. ⑥ turbocharger supercharging performance drop. ⑦ fuel quality is too poor.
Engine running unevenly, exhaust pipe a large number of rows of white smoke, poor high-speed operation and acceleration insensitive, and easy too high temperature, the main reasons are: injection advance angle is too small, poor atomization of the fuel injector, the engine temperature is too low, within the cylinder, water or oil, water and the like.
Cummins diesel engine power failure diagnostic and treatment methods
Diagnosis of such failure, proceed should be the most obvious fault feature, follow the outside to the inside, the easier issues first, less demolition for the benefit of basic principles.
1. Exhaust pipe smoky
(1) If the engine suddenly black smoke, but running for some time after the fault disappears naturally, is more due to poor fuel quality, due to impurities in the oil clogged injector caused by the poor quality of jet black smoke exhaust run after a period of high pressure oil impurities are washed away, do not have to deal with such a failure.
(2) If a continuous row of black smoke, consider check intake patency and whether the intake pipe deformation increased intake resistance. Remove the air filter cover, remove the filter and clean the machine re-test after maintenance and observation continue smoky exhaust pipe. If the smoke is significantly reduced, the air filter is too dirty or installation problems, affecting the feed rate, should strengthen the maintenance of the intake system.
(3) If the inlet air to flow freely, you should check whether the injection time with late, too late to fully burn oil too late to make the fuel into the cylinder to be discharged and the formation of black smoke.
(4) serious deterioration in the quality of most injector spray fuel atomization, can not meet the needs of the combustion chamber shape, resulting in a combustible mixture formation difficult part of the fuel is discharged into free carbon, which also contributed to the reason of black smoke a fuel injection, it should also inspect repairs.
(5) Check the fuel quality standard, and should be used in line with the engine at the ambient temperature of the area under the normal work standard diesel.
(6) Check the turbocharger is working properly. When the failure of the turbocharger, the end of the engine intake pressure is decreased, resulting in the compression end temperature, pressure drop, and to affect the fuel spray atomization and combustion temperature.
(7) injection pump repair time is not long, smoky exhaust pipe, you should consider whether the injection pump debugging improper excessive oil, this should be recalibrated fuel injection pump in the amount of oil under various conditions compliance.
(8) If the above normal, and the engine has been running for a long time, could be considered the correct check valve opening height and open time. The long period of use allows the valve train engine wear and misalignment normal valve timing and the valve lift, intake air amount reducing cylinder corresponding increase in the amount of residual gas, and directly affect the full combustion of the fuel.
(9) For speed uneven, intermittent row of black smoke check off the oil law-by-cylinder engine unable to be used for diagnosis. When a cylinder off oil, engine speed decreased significantly reduce black smoke, abnormal noise disappeared, the cylinder oil excessive checks adjustment to cope with the cylinder fuel injection quantity. If the engine speed changes, black smoke disappeared, the poor quality of the cylinder injector spray respond to the injector for inspection. If the engine speed remained unchanged, the cylinder does not work, you should check the high pressure fuel supply situation in the cylinder, check and adjust the PT injector.
2. Row of white smoke exhaust pipe
(1) the lack of engine power, exhaust pipe row of gray smoke, first hand against the muffler exhaust port at the hands left drops of water, you should check whether the water in the diesel and cylinder.
(2) when the engine has just launched to take gray smoke, causes the starter when the temperature is too low, some diesel volatile steam without burning directly discharged due. Gray smoke gradually disappear until the engine temperature is elevated, it is a normal phenomenon. If the engine is just starting to take gray smoke, black smoke and the temperature rises, the cylinder pressure, compression ignition conditions improved, but the diesel is still not complete combustion, the engine is underpowered, and respond to the cylinder pressure checks and maintenance .
(3) the lack of engine power, exhaust pipe row of gray-white smoke is usually fuel injection advance angle is too small or injector atomization due to poor quality. Accompanied by excessive engine temperature, slow speed, you can think is the injector too late, otherwise poor quality fuel injector atomization. Cummins Engine PT injector is integration, the traditional fuel pump plunger injector needle as a whole, regardless of injection time is too late or injector atomization quality is poor PT injector must carried adjustment.